Friday, January 31, 2020

Essel Group Essay Example for Free

Essel Group Essay I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired me and encouraged me to go my own way, without whom I would be unable to complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thank my friends who appreciated me for my work and motivated me and finally to God who made all the things possible Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd It is the second-largest Indian media and entertainment company based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is a subsidiary of the Essel Group. The companys Chairman, Managing Director and Founders are Subhash Chandra and its Chief Executive Officer is Puneet Goenka. Through its strong presence worldwide, Zee entertains over 670+ million viewers across 168 countries. History The company was launched on 15 December 1991 and was previously known as Zee Telefilms until 2006, when it was renamed and the news and entertainment units were spun off into four smaller divisions. Zee currently operates over 15 different television channels, a cable company Siticable, a record label Zee Records, a production company and other businesses as well. It has expanded operations abroad, with several of its channels available in the UK and U. S. s well as Africa and Asia. In 2002 Zee Entertainment Enterprises acquired a majority stake (51%) in ETC Networks. In 2006, they acquired Integrated Subscriber Management Services Limited and in November 2006, Zee acquired an interest (50%) in Taj television TEN Sports. In February 2010 Zee Entertainment Enterprises acquired an additional stake (95%) in TEN sports. As Zee Telefilms, the company formed part of BSE Sensex from 2000-2005. The news and regional entertainment channel business was spun off into a separate company in 2006 under the corporate banner Zee News Ltd. 982 The Company was incorporated on 25th November, and it obtained the Certificate of Commencement of Business on 5th January 1983 as Empire Holdings Ltd. in the state of Maharashtra. It was promoted by the Essel group of companies, comprising Sanjay Badgamia, Vasant Parekh and Ashok Kothari. The main object of the company business was of entertainment software. 1992 It entered into the business of entertainment software and subsequently the name was changed to ZEE Telefilms Ltd. The Company co-promoted Essel Packaging Ltd. the partnership company of the Essel group in 1982. The Company produces/develops Hindi films, serials, game shows, children programmes etc. The Company would also commission serials, game shows etc. , through directors/producers on contract basis, purchase rights of Hindi films, serials and other programmes from the producers for a predetermined period. 1993 ASSPL became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. During the year, the Company entered into an agreement with the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation for supply of programme software to ZEE TV. During August, the Company issued 89, 28,000 rights equity shares of Rs 10 each at a premium of Rs 20 per share in proportion 12:1. Another 90, 00,000 shares were offered at a premium of Rs 20 per share through prospectus as follows: 9, 00,000 shares and 27, 00,000 shares reserved for allotment to FIIs and NRIs (repatriation basis) respectively. Only 21, 90,300, shares were taken up by NRIs. Of the balance 10,000 shares reserved for allotment on preferential basis to employees (only 4,100 shares taken up). Remaining 45, 90,000 shares along with 5, 15,600 shares not taken up were issued to the public (of these 4, 98,000 shares taken up by FIIs and 17,600 shares by public). 1994 The Company promoted Siti Cable Venture for provision of integrated cable network facility to individual cable operators on a city by city basis and function as a city TV station. The Company also proposed to develop Pay TV industry and with this in view is jointly promoting Zee Cinema, the first Hindi movie Pay TV Channel along with the News Corp 995 The Company along with NewsCorp’s promoted another company viz. Programme Asia Trading Company Private Ltd. (PATCO) for programme supplies to EL TV and Zee Cinema Channel. Asia Today Ltd. and Zee Telefilms Ltd. entered into a sale and purchase agreement for production, procurement and provision of Hindustani entertainment software from India and export the same to Hong kong for transmitting such software on ZEE TV Channel. 1996 Pref. shares redeemed during th is year. 1997 3, 00,000 pref. shares were issued. Walt Disney animation films will be telecast every day for two hours on Zee TV from February 1 following an agreement reached between Buena Vista Television India and Zee. In order to bring the first of its kind `Zee Cine Awards to millions of TV viewers across the globe, the Zee Network has tied up with the 150-year old world audit major, Price Waterhouse (which incidentally is the auditing firm for the Oscar awards also) and the market research firm Gallup MBA. 1999 As part of its expansion plans, ZTL will increase its authorised capital from Rs 50 to Rs 75 crore. Zee Telefilms Ltd (ZTL) shareholders approved an increase in the companys authorized share capital from Rs 50 crore to Rs 75 crore to safeguard itself from any fund shortfall required for the ambitious projects envisaged in the face of technological convergence. Subhash Chandra-promoted Zee Telefilms Ltd (ZTL) has tied up with French major Canal Plus for its proposed digital TV service, a precursor to a KU-band direct-to-home (DTH) service. ZEE TV will launch three new channels in Europe and start broadcasts in eight regional languages in India during an action-packed six months expansion programme. Zee Telefilms Limited (ZTL) will soon launch three English language channels, including a news channel called the Asian News Network, thus taking head-on its partner-turned-competitor Star TV. Zee TV up to 1999 has been operating four channels, three of which were being played out of STAR TV facility in Hong Kong on lease basis. With the growth of the network into eleven channels, the launch of the DTO bouquet and the Alpha channels including the English channels, a decision was taken to install a fully owned facility in Singapore which can play-out ten channels. This facility was set up in a record time of three months and has been fully operational since middle of March 2000. In September 1999, ZTL acquired Zee Multimedia Worldwide Limited (ZMWL). Following this acquisition, all the international operations including the broadcasting business of ZMWL came under ZTLs control. ZTL acquired NewsCorps 50% stake in Asia Today Limited (ATL), Siticable, and Programme Asia Trading Company Ltd. and now owns 100% of these businesses. The consideration paid for the acquisition was USD 296. 51 million 2000 Zeenext. com, the Internet portal site of the company subsidiary EConnect India Ltd, and mobile Internet firm Unimobile. com that they had tied up to offer zee next portal contents to wireless communication devices. Zee Telefilms has emerged as the new market mover on Dalal Street. Zee Telefilms signed a MoU with Asia net Communication Ltd. for consolidating Zees entry into the South Indian regional channels. Zee Telefilms will set up 500 Internet kiosks, named eZee centres, across the country as part of its e-commerce initiatives, senior company. Zee Telefilms has been awarded the prestigious Ground Breaker award as the top national programmer by the US-based trade publication, Multichannel News International. Media and entertainment major Zee Telefilms has acquired 26 per cent stake in Aplab Ltd, an electronic equipment market. Zee Telefilms will launch Basic Education Support Television in April 2001 a project aimed at educating the rural India through the television medium. Zee Telefilms Ltds American Depository Receipts/American Depository Shares issue worth . billion. Zee Telefilms Ltd aims at a 1:1 debt-equity ratio for its Rs. 2,400 crore outlay to set up a fibre-optic and coaxial network across 26 cities in the country. The Company and TransWorld International have joined their bids for the telecast rights for the cricket World cup tournaments for 2003 and 2007. Zee Telefilms subsidiary Zee Publishing has been hived off as a separate company. Zee Telefilms Ltd will be launching its sports channel, tentatively christ ened, zee Sports, on 1st October. Zee Telefilms Ltd. will float a new joint venture company with the Hollywood studio, Metro Gold-wyn Mayer Inc (MGM) to operate aco-branded movie channel exclusively for the South Asian market 2001 In May, 2001, Zee Telefilms has decided to induct a strategic partner, preferably an international media major to strengthen its financial and technical strengths to achieve high growth in the field of convergence. ZTL has converted its flagship Zee TV into a pay channel with effect from 10 June 2001. 2002 Zee Telefilms has come out with Open offer to acquire 23,39,900 fully paid-up equity shares of Rs 10/- each of ETC Networks. It represents 20% of the voting equity share capital at a price of Rs 31. 52/- per fully paid up equity share. The issue opens on 3rd Apr. 2002 and closes on 3rd May 2002. Zee Telefilms Ltd has informed that Zee TV Partners Cartoon Network, Snap Ties with Nickelodeon. Zee Telefilms took a controlling stake in ETC Networks in June 2002, following a memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed between the two companies in February this year. As per the MoU, Zee was to acquire 57 per cent in ETC in two stages for Rs 25 crore. 2003 Zee News is attempting to give a full perspective of the stories by Following them to the cores. In this regard, it has launched a new programme, known as Zee Follow Up. The new programme will pick up the loose string of hundreds of stories that once made headlines but somewhere down the line lost their steam. Zee News is attempting to retrace history by keeping the viewers abreast of what had occurred since, the report said. Decides to persist with its plan of showing Thursday Bollywood blockbusters Hits upon a new income stream to boost revenues by permitting other international news channels to beam its exclusive footage and programmes for a fee. Delgrada, an overseas corporate body owned by the promoters of ZEE Telefilms, pledges an additional 3. 1 crore shares or 7. 6% of the equity capital of Zee Telefilms held by it in favour of Credit Suisse First Boston, Singapore Mumbai High Court stays Zee TVs daily and Sunday lottery draws Share price slumps to four-year low of Rs 60. 5 on 01/04/2003 Zee News starts new programme Zee Follow up through which it is attempting to retrace history by keeping the viewers abreast of what had occurred since Zee, Turner International expand partnership with 3 new channels wherein Turner will be the advertising sales agent for Zees English entertainment and lifestyle channels, Zee English, Zee MGM and the recently unveiled Trendz channel Announces its la carte price lis t for bundling channels Govt cancels Zee Telefilms plea for bundling its channels Promoters’ stake in Zee comes down to below 51-pc, stands at 50. % Zee News launches a new logo and a new advertising campaign with the baseline Haqeeqat Jaisi, Khabar Waisi Foreign shareholdings in Zee Telefilms surge to 58% Promoters of Zee offload 3% shares to FIIs Zee becomes first to get Letter of intent for DTH operation in India 2004 ? Zee announces launch of new religious channel Jagran ? Churu Trading Co. Pvt. Ltd, has purchased 3415518 equity shares of the Company from Livewire Programme Trading Co. Pvt. Ltd. Zee Telefilms announced the launch of a separate encrypted beam for Singapore ? BT Broadcast, ASCEL join hands to offer teleport services to Zee 2005 ? Zee Telefilms Ltd launches separate sports channel. ? Zee Tele teams up with IBM Global. ? Zee Network in alliance with Pan Global TV. ? Zee join hands with Malaysias Astro to launch Hindi channel. ? Zee TV has announced the launch of an interactive game show Kam Ya Zyaada. 2006 ? Zee Telefilms acquires 50% stake in Ten Sports. ? Zee Network launches new channel in Indonesia. Zee to acquire 60 pc stakes in Venus Films. 2007 Zee Telefilms Ltd has informed that consequent to all approvals having been received the name of the Company, effective from January 10, 2007, has changed to Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd. Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd has informed that the Board of Directors, vide a resolution passed by circulation on December 29, 2007, has approved the appointment of Mr. R Vaidyanathan, Professor of Finance and Control at the Indian Institute of Management, 2009

Thursday, January 23, 2020

Propaganda and Democracy Essay -- essays research papers

What is the impact of propaganda on our democracy? When examining the relationship between propaganda and democracy it important to define each term. Propaganda is a protean term, its definition varies widely. The word propaganda could refer simply to an active process of mass persuasion or it could carry more negative connotations. In general, a distinction is drawn between propaganda and persuasion. Like persuasion, propaganda is designed to influence opinion rather than purely communicate fact; however, there are several important differences between the two. Persuasion utilizes critical argument and weighs all sides of an issue. On the other hand, propaganda is entirely one sided. While a persuasive message works best with a focused and active recipient, propaganda depends on a mindless audience. Propaganda manipulates symbols as well as and basic human emotions and prejudices in order to influence opinion. Democracy is the form of government in which the laws and government institutions are under the control of the people. In a democracy decisions are made by the citizens or their elected representatives. Propaganda has many effects on American Democracy. Many people claim that our democracy has been â€Å"cheapened† by the media and, in particular, propaganda. Some of the negative effects of propaganda on democracy are that it prevents discourages debate and allows people to listen only to those opinions that they agree with. One of the main goals of propaganda is to preve...

Wednesday, January 15, 2020

The Impact of Terrorism Enforcement on Individual Rights

The Impact of Terrorism Enforcement on Individual Rights Christine Gontarz Northern Virginia Community College Woodbridge Campus ADJ100 December 2, 2011 Professor: George DeHarde Table of Contents Introduction3 Terrorism and the First Amendment5 Early History7 The Alien and Sedition Acts of 17987 Habeas Corpus Act of 18638 World War I History9 Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 19189 Schenck v. US -9 Debs v. US10 World War II History11 Alien Registration (Smith) Act of 194011 Japanese-American Internment – Executive Order 9066 of 194211The History of Today12 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 199612 U. S. A PATRIOT Act – 200113 Conclusion15 Works Cited17 Introduction During times of high crime, terrorism, war, and national crisis, citizens are willing to trade due process for a restriction of individual rights. At the heart of our individual rights are the first ten Amendments of the United States Constitution, the Bill of Rights. Although all the Ame ndments of the Bill of Rights were written to be of equal importance, to many Americans the most treasured is the First Amendment. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. † — The First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution Simply stated, the First  Amendment guarantees us the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. By examining the history of the United States, there have been times when incidents of crime, terrorism, terrorism threats, war, and national crisis have affected the rights of the people of the United States.There have been actions and reactions to those threats by the government. Restrictions were placed on citizens by limiting their rights; specifically the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments. Initially , the people of the United States understood the reasoning behind these limitations; however, as time went by, many felt the need to speak out about the injustices caused by the government and the restrictions of the freedoms of the people.Although the additional amendments in the Bill of Rights are of equal importance, it is the purpose of this paper to define examples of how the government has violated a the basic rights of the First Amendment during a presence or threat of terrorism in the United States. Terrorism and the First Amendment Freedom, as Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. — The Declaration of Independence is a God-given right provided to United States citizens. By declaring its independence from Great Britain and signing the Declaration of Independence, the Congress of the original thirteen colonies took its first steps to ensure its freedom from King George and British rule. Their goal, self-government and equal rights for the people (Fallon 14). It is because of British tyrannical rule that the United States Constitution was written.The United States Constitution outlined the rights of the government of the thirteen original colonies, but it was not until the Federalists and Anti-Federalists resolved their differences and adopted the Bill of Rights in 1791 that the people of the United States had the rights and freedoms they so desired to build this country. More than two hundred years later, on September 11, 2001, the United States was targeted by terrorists. This day is marked by atrocities beyond imagination. It is also on this day that many people of this generation say that the individual rights that our forefathers worked to provide have been changed forever.The attacks of September 11th have c aused the freedoms outlined in the Bill of Rights to be restricted by the enforcement of government rules and regulations; First Amendment rights limiting the freedom of speech, Fourth Amendment rights of illegal search and seizure, and Fourteenth Amendment rights of due process come to mind (although others feel that the Fifth and Sixth Amendments have also been affected). There are specific examples in United States history where the effects of terrorism enforcement have impinged individual rights.In order to relate the impact of government actions on individual rights for the sake of national security, in the name of terrorism, terrorism must be defined. According to the FBI, there is no one definition that is universally accepted by everyone (Office of Public Affairs iv). Their definition of terrorism from the Code of Federal Regulations can be defined as: â€Å"the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives† (28 C.F. R. Section 0. 85). By observing a chronological history of the United States there is evidence of terrorism since the beginning of written history. References in the Bible refer to the cleansing of entire groups of people by eliminating the city of Jericho [ (Joshua 6. 1-27) ]. There are examples of terrorism during Greek and Roman times when the first known terror organization, the Zealots of Judea, formed campaigns and carried out assassinations of Roman occupation forces and Jews whom they felt collaborated with the Romans. (Early History of Terrorism) ] Although earlier instances of terrorism impacted the rights of individuals, it was not until the adoption of the Bill of Rights that there was recourse that could be taken by the people. It was then that citizens of the United States could declare that their individual rights were violated. Early History The Alien and Sedition Ac ts of 1798 From 1789 through 1799, during the French Revolution, the United States was forced to declare a policy of neutrality to avoid becoming involved in European conflicts and being dragged into another war.Because of an impending fear of war with France and a fear that â€Å"criticism of the government was destine to topple the Constitution,† (Willis 5) the Federalist-dominated Congress of President John Adams enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 (Office of the Historian). Consisting of four acts, they introduced laws intended to suppress political opposition from Anti-Federalists. By enacting these laws, Adams was working to shield the United States from the French enemy and to protect the United States from opposition groups of Anti-Federalists.The four laws consisted of the Naturalization Act which raised the residency period of aliens from five to fourteen years, the Alien Act of 1798 which enabled the president to deport any alien (even during peacetime) if they were considered â€Å"dangerous to the safety of the US. † The Alien Enemies Act of 1798 enabled wartime arrest, imprisonment, or deportation of any alien for simply being from an enemy country. The last act, The Sedition Act made it a crime to â€Å"oppose any measure or measures of the government of the US. It also prohibited â€Å"writing, printing, uttering, or publishing any false, scandalous, and malicious writing or writings against the government of the US. It is evident that Sedition Act was the most controversial and most seriously punishable of the acts. Committing an offense against the Sedition Act was punishable by fines up the $5,000 and up to five years in prison and a second offenses were charged with a $2,000 fine and up to two years in jail.Most of those punished under the Sedition Act were journalists and politicians who aligned themselves with the Anti-Federalist party or the Jeffersonian Republicans (Willis 7). The grandson of Benjamin Franklin, B enjamin Bache who was the founder and editor of the Philadelphia General Advertiser, was the first to be charged under the Sedition Act because of his Anti-Federalist descent against John Adams and the Federalist party. Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 The presidency of Abraham Lincoln can best be described as a presidency of wartime.Just twelve hours after the president was elected, Major Robert Anderson sent Lincoln a dispatch requesting reinforcements of twenty thousand men to secure Fort Sumter from Confederate attack [ (Dirck 20) ]. It was Lincoln who set the tone for wartime presidents and he took full advantage of this power. During the height of the Civil War, Lincoln ordered a writ suspending Habeas Corpus. Lincoln’s primary focus by ordering the writ was to quell political opposition from pro-Confederate sympathizers.He justified his decision by stating â€Å"Even in such a case, would not the official oath be broken, if the government should be overthrown, when it was be lieved that disregarding the single law, would tend to preserve it? † [ (Dirck 25) ] referring to [ (Lincoln) ]. Lincoln believed that public safety was the cornerstone behind his decision. With public safety in mind, Lincoln authorized Winfield Scott to arrest anyone in â€Å"an insurrection against the laws of the United States. † [ (Dirck 25) ] referring to [ (Symonds) ] World War I HistoryEspionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918 Once again the United States and its people were preoccupied with war. In April 1917, the United States declared war on Germany and fears of espionage, anarchist activities, and the threat of terrorism loomed over the heads of the United States government. By establishing the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918, the government prohibited the public from openly demonstrating or passing forth any information deemed to be detrimental to the military or the government during a time of war.Woodrow Wilson even gave the postmaster righ ts to restrict distribution of mail and documents that could be construed as harmful to the military of the United States . These offenses could be punishable by death. Because of the fear of harm to the nation and its citizens, the House and Senate almost passed the bill without any debate whatsoever even though the bill trampled on the freedom of speech and freedom of the press [ (Willis 14) ]. Schenck v. US – Led by Oliver Wendell Holmes, this would be the first case in which the Supreme Court handed down a ruling that constituted when the United States government could limit speech.Charles  Schenck, the general secretary of the Socialist party in Philadelphia was arrested for the distribution of political propaganda. These leaflets, which referenced the clause of the Thirteenth Amendment forbidding involuntary servitude, were directed at men who were drafted upon the passage of the Selective Service Act. Schenck encouraged draftees to â€Å"Assert Your Rights,† a nd that the people needed to stand up to the government for entering the war. The government claimed that these flyers contained â€Å"false† statements that could ultimately interfere with the effort to win the war.It was during this case that Oliver Wendell Holmes coined his most memorable rationale for the decision of the Supreme Court to be upheld in the Schenck case, noting that: â€Å"The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. † Debs v. US Eugene Debs, a founder of the Socialist Party in 1901 and a strong opponent to the â€Å"Great War,† was no stranger to speaking his mind and being imprisoned because of his actions.Debs was sentenced to jail for his role as leader of a nationwide boycott of involving the Pullman Palace Car Company in 1894. After serving a two-year prison sentence, Debs held a Sunday afternoon picnic in Canton, Ohio. During his speech, Debs, phrasing his words carefully for fear of being prosecuted by the government for his â€Å"right to free expression,† encouraged the crowd to â€Å"turn their backs on the Republican and Democratic Party† and â€Å"fight for a cause [ (Debs) ]. † Debs was arrested for violating the Espionage Act and was accused of tampering with the recruiting services of the United States.He served a ten-year sentence for his speech. World War II History Alien Registration (Smith) Act of 1940 Representative Howard W. Smith introduced the Alien Registration Act of 1940. This act required aliens to register with the government of the United States within four months of their arrival in the United States. Although the prior acts were made during times of war, the Alien Registration Act was an act proposed and adopted during peacetime [ (Willis 26 -27) ]. The main objective of the act was to thwart any attempt by the American Communist Party to weaken the government of the United States.This act made it illegal to interfere with the loyalty of military personnel, to teach to violently overthrow the United States government, or to conspire to commit or to commit prohibited acts. The act also stated that the government could confiscate materials using the search warrant provision and that punishment of these offenses could result in a conviction of up to ten years in prison and a ten thousand dollar fine. In 1948, Harry Truman invoked this act to contain Soviet supporters and had eleven leaders of the Communist Party U.S. A. indicted for violations of the Smith Act. During the prosecution of the case of Dennis v. United States, the government used the works of Karl  Marx to prove that the eleven men violated the Alien Registration Act stating that they privately planned to overthrow the government of the United States. Japane se-American Internment – Executive Order 9066 of 1942 Eleven weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Executive Order 9066 was signed by Franklin Roosevelt. â€Å"Relocation Centers† were set up across the United States.Approximately 110,000 Japanese-Americans were confined to no more than an American version of Hitler’s concentration camps. Japanese-Americans serving in the military were categorized as enemy aliens and discharged from the armed forces of the United States. Minoru Yasui was the first citizen to bring a case before the government during the time of the Internment. Yasui was denied active duty service by the United States military. Yasui purposely violated curfew orders in order to be arrested.His case, although initially based on a curfew law was brought to court and a unanimous conviction was handed down to Yasui claiming that his â€Å"racial attachments† to his Japanese roots posed a danger of espionage to the American people [ (Baker and Stack 66-68) ]. The History of Today Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 In the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing, the nation was traumatized by such a deplorable act of domestic terrorism. An overwhelming public fear guided the reactions of United States and the government set limitations of individual rights to protect its people.One week after the Oklahoma City bombing, President Clinton and members of Congress swiftly approved the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty of 1996 (AEDPA). First Amendment rights were again affected. By allowing the Secretary of State to selectively define its meaning of â€Å"material support† to foreign organizations, citizens were â€Å"guilty by association† based on the purpose of their monetary contributions (Brown et al. 17-20) . The belief was that monetary and logistical contributions to an organization showed support for that organization. This was enough ammunition for the government to hold ci tizens in violation of the AEDPA.In a case brought against the Attorney General by the Humanitarian Law Project (HLP), the HLP challenged the ruling that their humanitarianism, peacekeeping training, and support of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) was in violation of the constitutionality of the material support statute. The PKK was determined to be a â€Å"terrorist organization. † By supporting a terrorist organization, the HLP could have faced extensive prison sentences if they had continued to support their mission by providing monetary and logistical contributions even though the contributions were to support peaceful acts.Eventually the HLP ceased in their support of the PKK. U. S. A PATRIOT Act – 2001 With the attack of the World Trade Center and Pentagon and the takeover of Flight 93, the scope of terrorism in the United States had changed since even the bombings in Oklahoma  City. Once thought to be a crisis of foreign countries, the United States w as now faced with a new brand of terrorist attacks unlike ever before. As a result, acts aimed at preventing further attacks and protecting the security of society were invoked.The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act), was adopted in October 2001 to assist the government in gaining information on future terror attacks. Many feel that since the adoption of the PATRIOT Act, First Amendment rights have been violated in an unprecedented way. Not only does the government have the ability to limit the size and nature of demonstrations, conduct racial profiling, but they also may limit the information which can be publicized to the citizens of the United States claiming â€Å"national security interests. The National Archives and Records Administration states that â€Å"the number of classification actions by the Executive Branch rose 14 percent in 2002 over 2001 — and declassification a ctivity fell to its lowest level in seven years. † [ (Posner 220) ] Since September 11, Arab, Muslim, and South Asian populations of the United States have been profiled based on skin color and other physical characteristics. The government has the ability to â€Å"stop, interrogate and detain individuals without criminal charge †¦ on the basis of their national origin, ethnicity and religion. (American Civil Liberties Union 1) ]. By looking at the people who were rounded up just after September 11, it is evident that racial profiling based on religion and ethnicity had taken place by the Department of Justice; a clear violation of the First Amendment. In a more recent incident in The Washington Post on October 2008, Maryland State Police revealed that as a result of surveillance operations, the names of fifty-three nonviolent activists had been placed into an unknown federal database used for the purpose of tracking terrorist suspects.The judgment by the Maryland State Police to include the activists’ names in the terrorist database was met with disapproval and was criticized by senators noting that the â€Å"law enforcement officials were oblivious to their violation of the activists' rights of free expression and association. † [ (Rein, Lisa A1) ] Conclusion Through historical records, it is evident the intent of the government in times of war is to protect its citizens and prevent aggression on the homeland.The punishment and imprisonment of citizens for First Amendment violations are based on situations when governing bodies of the United States felt threatened by acts of anarchy, Communism, terrorism, or war. In most instances, the government has been proactive by halting contrary opinions from opposing parties or seeking peacetime acts as a precautionary measure. At other times, they have been reactive by enacting laws after terrorist attacks . In either case, they have adopted rules and laws based upon the fear of the people a nd the prevention of potential attacks.Their fears have limited free speech, free assembly, free press, and have punished those for freedom of religion. Historically, as time went by and threats declined, the people of the United States became more conscious of the limitations the government had set forth. In the referenced laws and actions of this paper, court cases brought to the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of First Amendment limitations have been paramount in the repeal or retraction of these acts. The decisions in these cases prove that there is a need for a balance between individual freedoms and protection of the people.

Monday, January 6, 2020

The Dancer Disorder Hungry - 1824 Words

Jacquelyn Maxwell Professor Hecksel Writing 150- 07 16 April 2015 The Dancer Disorder Hungry, but always fighting to eat. You look in the mirror and always think that you could lose just a little more weight and you are never happy with your body. This is how I felt in my freshman year of high school. I was intensely training to become a professional ballerina, dancing six days a week. This was also around the time when puberty started and I was beginning to fill out more in places I did not want to. I wanted to have the perfect â€Å"ballerina† body; a slender frame, firm muscle tone, long, elegant limbs, and a strong, supple back. I would constantly judge myself in the mirror and think that I could lose a few pounds. I started to obsessively†¦show more content†¦Anorexia nervosa, usually shortened to anorexia, is defined as an emotional disorder characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat (Mayo Clinic). Some of the factors of anorexia are a refusal to maintain a healthy body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image (Segal). People with anorexia place a high value on controlling their weight and shape, using extreme efforts that tend to significantly interfere with activities in their lives. Thoughts about dieting, food, and one’s body may take up most of the day, leaving little time for friends, family, and other activities they used to enjoy. Life turns into always trying to lose weight. The people living with anorexia have distorted minds. They have a phobia of gaining weight and will go to extreme circumstances to achieve their ideal body image. Anorexia is not just about the food, however. Usually anorexia is an unhealthy way to manage their underlying emotional problems. When one has anorexia, they often equate thinness to self-worth and happiness. Anorexia nervosa affects millions of people worldwide, but the prevalence of them in dancers, particularly ballet dancers, is said to be nearly 20 times higher than in non-dancers (Shoker). Neve rtheless, anorexia can damage health and even threaten lives. There are many symptoms that go along with the anorexia nervosa disorder. It might be hard to notice the signs at first because people living with the